مرجعيات الطالب - كتاب علوم الأرض و الفضاء - الصف 12 - الفصل 1 - المملكة العربية السعودية

مرجعيات الطالب حدود الصفائح خرائط مرجعية وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2025 - 1447 238 --- VISUAL CONTEXT --- **DIAGRAM**: حدود الصفائح التكتونية Description: A large map illustrating the major tectonic plates and their boundaries in the Middle East, Indian Ocean, and surrounding regions, accompanied by three inset cross-section diagrams explaining different types of plate boundaries. Data: The main map shows the Arabian, Eurasian, African, Indo-Australian, Pacific, and Philippine plates. Arrows indicate the direction of plate movement: blue arrows for convergent boundaries, red arrows for divergent boundaries (e.g., Mid-Indian Ridge), and yellow arrows for transform boundaries. The map also highlights bathymetry and topography. Key Values: صفيحة أوراسيا (Eurasian Plate), الصفيحة العربية (Arabian Plate), صفيحة إفريقيا (African Plate), صفيحة الهند - أستراليا (Indo-Australian Plate), صفيحة المحيط الهادي (Pacific Plate), صفيحة الفلبين (Philippine Plate), ظهر المحيط الهندي (Mid-Indian Ridge) Context: This visual explains the concept of plate tectonics by showing the global distribution of major plates and illustrating the three main types of plate boundaries (convergent collision, convergent subduction, and divergent spreading) with detailed cross-sections. **DIAGRAM**: حدود متقاربة (حدود تصادم) Description: A cross-section diagram illustrating a convergent plate boundary where two continental plates collide. This process leads to the uplift of crust and the formation of mountain ranges. Data: The diagram shows two thick continental crusts moving towards each other, resulting in folding, faulting, and significant crustal thickening, forming mountains. Arrows indicate the compressional forces. Context: This inset diagram provides a detailed visual explanation of continental-continental collision, a type of convergent boundary, showing the geological features formed. **DIAGRAM**: حدود متقاربة - حدود طرح (محيطية - محيطية) Description: A cross-section diagram illustrating a convergent plate boundary where one oceanic plate subducts beneath another oceanic plate. This process forms an oceanic trench and a volcanic island arc. Data: The diagram shows one oceanic plate bending and descending into the mantle beneath another oceanic plate. This creates a deep oceanic trench at the subduction zone and leads to melting in the mantle, forming volcanoes on the overriding plate. Arrows indicate the direction of subduction. Context: This inset diagram explains oceanic-oceanic subduction, another type of convergent boundary, detailing the formation of trenches and volcanic arcs. **DIAGRAM**: Untitled Description: A cross-section diagram illustrating a divergent plate boundary, specifically a mid-ocean ridge. This is where new oceanic crust is formed as tectonic plates move apart. Data: The diagram shows magma rising from the mantle to fill the gap created by two oceanic plates moving away from each other. This process forms a ridge and new crust. Arrows indicate the tensional forces and spreading motion. Context: This inset diagram illustrates a divergent boundary, specifically seafloor spreading at a mid-ocean ridge, showing how new crust is generated.