نشاط مقارنة آليات عمل الهرمونات - كتاب أنظمة جسم الإنسان - الصف 12 - الفصل 1 - المملكة العربية السعودية

نشاط (1-7) تثبيت المفاهيم الرئيسة.

مستعيناً بالرسم أدناه قارن بين الشكل (1) و (2) من حيث التركيب وآلية العمل.

197 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2023 - 1447

--- SECTION: نشاط (1-7) تثبيت المفاهيم الرئيسة. --- نشاط (1-7) تثبيت المفاهيم الرئيسة. --- SECTION: مقارنة الأشكال --- مستعيناً بالرسم أدناه قارن بين الشكل (1) و (2) من حيث التركيب وآلية العمل. 197 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2023 - 1447 --- VISUAL CONTEXT --- **DIAGRAM**: مستقبلات في سطح الخلايا Description: A conceptual diagram illustrating the mechanism of action for a hormone that binds to receptors on the cell surface. The diagram shows a cell membrane (الغشاء الخلوي) with a green, integral membrane protein labeled as 'مستقبل الهرمون' (hormone receptor) embedded within it. A red, irregularly shaped molecule labeled 'هرمون حمض أميني' (amino acid hormone) is shown binding to this receptor from outside the cell. This binding event triggers an intracellular signaling cascade, represented by an orange, kidney-bean shaped molecule labeled 'تنشيط الإنزيمات' (enzyme activation) inside the cell. This activation leads to a 'استجابة الخلية الهدف' (target cell response). A large, purple, porous structure representing the 'النواة' (nucleus) is visible in the cytoplasm below the membrane. Arrows indicate the flow of information from hormone binding to enzyme activation and ultimately to the cell's response. Data: Illustrates a signal transduction pathway where a water-soluble hormone binds to a surface receptor, leading to intracellular enzyme activation and a cellular response. Context: This diagram explains how water-soluble hormones (like amino acid hormones) interact with target cells. Since they cannot pass through the lipid bilayer, they bind to specific receptors on the cell surface, initiating a cascade of events inside the cell to produce a response. This mechanism typically involves secondary messengers and enzyme activation. **DIAGRAM**: المستقبلات الداخلية Description: A conceptual diagram illustrating the mechanism of action for a hormone that binds to internal receptors. The diagram shows a cell membrane (الغشاء الخلوي) with a red, irregularly shaped molecule labeled 'هرمون ستيرويدي (دهني)' (steroid (lipid) hormone) passing directly through the lipid bilayer. Inside the cytoplasm, the hormone binds to a blue, irregularly shaped molecule labeled 'بروتين' (protein), which acts as an intracellular receptor. This binding forms a 'مركب معقد من الهرمون ومستقبله' (hormone-receptor complex). This complex then enters the 'النواة' (nucleus), a large, purple, porous structure. Inside the nucleus, the complex interacts with DNA, leading to 'تحفيز بناء البروتين في السيتوبلازم' (stimulation of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm) and 'تغيير في نشاط الجين' (change in gene activity). Arrows indicate the movement of the hormone, complex formation, nuclear entry, and subsequent cellular effects. Data: Illustrates a direct gene regulation pathway where a lipid-soluble hormone passes through the cell membrane, binds to an intracellular receptor, and the complex directly influences gene expression in the nucleus. Context: This diagram explains how lipid-soluble hormones (like steroid hormones) interact with target cells. Due to their lipid nature, they can easily diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The hormone-receptor complex then directly acts on DNA to regulate gene expression, leading to changes in protein synthesis and cellular function. **TABLE**: مقارنة بين الشكل (1) و (2) Description: A three-column table designed for comparing the characteristics and mechanisms depicted in Figure (1) and Figure (2). The first column lists the criteria for comparison, while the second and third columns are for filling in details corresponding to Figure (1) and Figure (2) respectively. Table Structure: Headers: وجه المقارنة | شكل (1) | شكل (2) Rows: Row 1: نوع الهرمون من حيث التركيب الكيميائي. | EMPTY | EMPTY Row 2: قابلية الذوبان في الدهون. | EMPTY | EMPTY Row 3: آلية العمل. | EMPTY | EMPTY Empty cells: All cells in the 'شكل (1)' and 'شكل (2)' columns are empty, indicating they are meant to be filled by the user based on the analysis of the diagrams. Calculation needed: Requires qualitative comparison and description based on the provided diagrams for hormone type (e.g., amino acid vs. steroid), lipid solubility (e.g., soluble vs. insoluble), and mechanism of action (e.g., surface receptor binding and secondary messengers vs. intracellular receptor binding and gene regulation). Data: The table provides a structured format to compare two types of hormone action based on their chemical structure, lipid solubility, and mechanism of action. Context: This table serves as an exercise to consolidate understanding of the two distinct mechanisms of hormone action by prompting a direct comparison of their chemical nature, interaction with the cell membrane, and cellular effects, as illustrated in the accompanying diagrams.